Hallidayan Approach and Categorisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hallidayan Approach and Categorisation - Essay Example Halliday has tended to describe grammar from the perspective of a combination of systems and not rules. The basic contention is that any grammatical structure being studied will reveal the use of different choices from a discernible set of choices. If this approach is taken further, language can be seen as relying on meaning potential. Halliday argues that a grammatical system is closed since it is composed of a finite set of choices. However, a lexical system is open because various new additions are constantly taking place in language. Halliday also claims that language is organised in a meta-functional manner indicating that it is composed of different grammatical systems that aid to provide different kinds of meaning. He attaches the real reason behind language to providing meaning in social life and thus argues that all forms of languages are based on three semantic components. The first semantic component is ideational and works as a resource for interpreting human experience. This component tends to reveal the contextual value of a field in grammar. This indicates that it allows the exploration of the social processes through which the particular use of language in some fashion is being implicated. The second semantic component is interpersonal and serves to perform various functions (which may be simple or complex) that define social relationships. This component is in itself composed of the personas of the writer or the speaker, the social distance between interacting parties and the relative social status difference between the interacting parties. The last semantic component is textual and it aids in combining the two semantic components presented above. This combination allows both forms of meanings to come together in a coherent fashion through textual means. Using the textual meta-function allows an exploration of how coherent a piece of text is which in turn allows discerning the credibility of the subject text. The various forms of grammatical s ystems that are proposed by Halliday are in turn related to these meta-functions that serve to compose them. Comparison of Selected Texts At first glance, it seems obvious that the selected texts are geared to serve different purposes. The first text (extracted from a seller’s website) is designed to sell a product related to the medical condition being discussed. In stark contrast, the second text (extracted from a medical help website) is designed to help understand the medical condition and its progression and growth. This significant difference helps to explain the fact that the first text is more suggestive in nature while the second text is more declarative in nature. In addition, the first text contains little medical terminology because it is designed to appeal to the mass audience that will consume the text. This indicates that the first text is directed towards the layman who is suffering from this condition and is looking online for quick fixes to the problem.

The Battle of Somme Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Battle of Somme - Research Paper Example Anglo-French in nature, the Somme offensive aimed at shattering the powers of Germany. The British army led the allied forces consisting of a major part of British and French army. The German army which awaited them retaliated harshly. The first day of the battle proved the most fatal for the British army. At the end of the day, the British army had lost 60000 of its men (Gilbert, pp65-78). Despite the heavy human loss of almost 1 million from both sides, the British Generals of the time have been criticized for the battle. At the end of the battle, the British army had succeeded in capturing only 12 kilometers from the Germans. The allied forces were still 5 kilometers away from Bapaume which had been termed as a major objective of the battle while Germany was still maintaining much of its frontline. One view however favors the offensive that the battle caused a severe blow to the Germany ultimately bringing its defeat in 1918. At the start of battle, the balance in composition amon g the British and French was 20 British and 13 French divisions. Though majority of the composition was British, it had earlier been decided that the attack on German army would be primarily a French offensive. The German onslaught at Verdun forced the French to depute a huge manpower of its army. The Somme offensive aimed at draining the German forces of reserves and the territorial target was the secondary objective. The Verdun onslaught changed the nature of the Somme offensive completely. The aim had then become to shift German resources from Verdun to the defense of Somme (Doughty, p291). The heavy bombardment was planned to precede the attack which began on June 24. It was believed that the fierce bombardment would destroy the German front line. After the destruction of the front line, the allied forces would become able to walk into the no man’s land and take edge over the Germans. Both the British and French artillery had an equal share in the 3000 guns for bombardmen t. After the bombardment, it was planned that a creeping barrage would lead the advancing infantry towards the front line of the Germans then consecutively towards the second and third trench lines. In addition, Rawlinson’s Fourth army was heavily loaded with arms and ammunitions which had the task of consolidation. During the course, the whole Fourth army would attempt a sudden breakthrough by using the cavalry to catch the gap in the German defense lines. After the possession of the German front line, the plan was that the British army would break through to Cambrai and Douai which meant the breakup of German line into two. 750000 soldiers from 27 divisions went into the offensive. About eighty percent of the army was from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The figures comparison favored the attacking allied forces as only 16 Divisions German army defended the battlefield of Somme (Keegan, pp290-292). What Happened? The bombardment began and continued for eight consecut ive days. The allied forces of British and France had however looked down upon the strengths of the German army and its strong arrangements. The bombardment had failed to destroy either of the German front line’s barbed wire or the strongly built concrete bunkers. It was evident that the Germans were alert for all of the enemy’s onslaughts. Besides, the munitions and explosives used by the British were defective. Many of them did not explode.

Ethical Dilemma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Dilemma - Case Study Example Linet came alone to the clinic, though had been married for 7 years and the last born was 3 years of age. At the clinic, she stated that her husband did not know of her pregnancy as they had agreed 3 years ago not to have other children due to their financial difficulties. Linet was determined to have another child despite her husband’s ignorance on the issue. When it came to HIV testing recommended as part of routine prenatal care, Susan declined saying they had both been tested with her husband before entering their marriage 7 years ago. She claims that she her first three children had been home delivered, and it is because of her complication that resulted in her last pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, that she decided to start attending clinics. Several weeks later, the nurse practitioner receives another new patient, â€Å"Peter Wanyama.† The patient states that he is concerned about occurrence of thrush symptoms, which had originally been treated 4 months ago. Peter states that he is HIV positive and had discovered his status 2 years ago. He is a long distance truck driver and sometimes sleeps out. He states that he always has protected sex with his wife. He says that in the past 1 year, he had been visiting an infectious disease specialist who lived 150 miles from where he lives. He states that he had consulted his specialist about th e recurrence of his symptom, of which he recommended Peter to seek immediate attention in the town which he lived. 2. Include one ethical principle and one law that could be violated and whether the violation would constitute a civil or criminal act based on facts in the law. The nurse on pulling the file of Linet Wanyama realized that Peter Wanyama was indeed her husband. The nurse practitioner became torn on this scenario as she had an ethical responsibility of informing Linet Wanyama of her need to have an HIV test due to a risk of transmission from her husband who was HIV positive (Lipe, 2008). Furthermore, Linet was living in a world where she believed her husband to be faithful to her when he went on long distance journeys (Lipe, 2008). In addition, informing Linet would help her make a decision on whether to have the child or not as the risk of mother to child transmission would be existing. Furthermore, such a disclosure would help in protecting the unborn child (White, 2008 ). Next, in informing Peter of his wife’s secret and coming open about his status to his wife, would at least help them make a decision as a family whether to continue with the pregnancy or not (Timby, 2009). The nurse got herself in such an ethical dilemma as in doing one right thing, would resulting in breaking some of the ethical rules which the medical practice stood by (White, 2010). If the nurse decided to inform the Linet about Peter’s HIV status, then he would have gone against the medical code of ethics of confidentiality. Nurse practitioners are often required to keep information about their patient’s secret (Martin, 2010). Going against one’s confidentiality usually leads to civil lawsuit (Janie, 2012). A nurse can be sued and even lose her job and certificate from the medical board in case of such a lawsuit. But in this scenario, in trying to keep quiet, would only result to more harm to the family (Daniels, 2009). If Linet is not informed for instance, she may not know her HIV status and hence not get enrolled in taking HAART; therefore increasing the chance of HIV related

Business Biblical Worldview Essay Example for Free

Business Biblical Worldview Essay This paper will explore what a Biblical Worldview is and present a Biblical Worldview process of contracts, ownership and responsibility. A Biblical Worldview is a view that holds to the belief that there is absolute moral truth; no one can earn their way into Heaven with good deeds; the Bible is 100 percent correct in all aspects; Jesus Christ lived a life free of sin while He was on earth; and God is omnipotent, omniscience, and the ruler of the universe (Barna Group, 2009). It has been proven that one’s worldview has a powerful impact on the way he conducts his everyday life and the choices made in any given situation (Barna Group, 2009). One living by a Biblical Worldview is less likely to use profanity; to misuse media; to gamble away money; and to abuse alcohol (Barna Group, 2009). The person with a Biblical Worldview is more likely to be honest; be more civil towards others, and make proper sexual choices (Barna Group, 2009). There exists a belief that a person develops a primary worldview by the time he reaches age 13. The teen and early adult years refine the worldview and then it is passed on to others throughout their life as an adult (Barna Group, 2009). A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by the law. It is created when two or more persons agree to do something or agree to not do something (Liuzzo, 2010, pg. 79). All involved parties must be competent. A competent person is one that is of legal age and possesses normal mental health (Liuzzo, 2010, pg. 80). â€Å"All contracts are agreements, but not all agreements are contracts† (Luizzo, 2010, pg. 9). In business, contracts are used to employ people and to sell goods, and to sell services (Luizzo, 2010, pg. 79). For a contract to be enforceable legally it must contain certain elements. There must be an offer made to one party and acceptance by another party; there must be consideration; all involved must mutually agree; all parties must be competent; there must be proper form; and the expected performance of the contract must legal (Luizzo, 2010, pg. 79-80). Because of the definition of contracts, there is a tendency to view it as a hysical experience with no spiritual implications at all (Chester, n. d. ). Buying, producing, selling and serving take place in the tangible physical world but it is taking place just below the intangible spiritual world connecting them together (Chester, n. d. ). The prophet Elisha saw the connection in 2 Kings 6:17, NASB, †Then Elisha prayed and said, â€Å"O LORD, I pray, open his eyes that he may see. † And the LORD opened the servant’s eyes and he saw; and behold, the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha. Here in the tangible physical world they appeared to be doomed, however, in the intangible spirit world they were victorious. (Chester, n. d. ). The physical aspects of life must line up with the spiritual aspects in a business with a Biblical Worldview. Any business that lasts is organized to line up philosophically, values wise and has the principles that demonstrate the nature of God (Chester, n. d. ). A contract or agreement that holds to a Biblical Worldview would not mirror the lop-sided contract held between Jacob and his uncle Laban. The contact between Laban and Jacob was legal. Both Laban and Jacob were competent, as they are both equals (Mabee, 1980, pg. 194). Though the agreement had all of the necessary elements of the Biblical time to make it legal, Laban did not adhere to the contract. Laban set out to cheat Jacob at every turn. The initial agreement was for Jacob to work at â€Å"Laban, Inc. † seven years for Rachel’s hand in marriage but he ended up working 14 years for her instead due to Laban’s trickery. Altogether Jacob worked for Laban a total of 20 years with Laban changing his wages (the agreement) ten times, â€Å"You know that I have served your father with all my strength. Yet your father has cheated me and changed my wages ten times†, (Genesis 31:6-7, NASB). As a Christian, the business owner is to honor any made agreements and contracts, as this mirrors the attributes of God. The Bible admonishes the believer to â€Å"Let your no be no and your yes be yes†, and anything outside of that is evil doing (Matthew 5:37, NASB). James 5:12, NASB also warns, â€Å"But above all, my brethren, do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or with any other oath; but your yes is to be yes, and your no, no, so that you may not fall under judgment. Christian business owners who hold to a Biblical Worldview understand and accept the fact that God owns everything (Tacket, 2012). â€Å"Hear, O My people, and I will speak; I am God, your God†¦For every beast of the forest is Mine, The cattle on a thousand hills† (Psalm 50:1-10, NASB). God tells us in Haggai 2:8, NASB that He even owns the silver and gold (money) everyone seeks after, â€Å"The silver is Mine and the gold is Mine,’ declares the LORD of hosts. † Jehovah God is simply loaning it to one and requires good stewardship over the things He has granted.

Globalization and Islamic Fundamentalism Essay -- Muslim Culture Islam

The Al-Qaeda offshoot ISIS, has made its way through Iraq and Syria. This new terror campaign appears to have been rolled out with a decades old objective, which is wrought with violence, propaganda and destabilization. But what are the reasons behind these acts of terror and violence? How is it possible to stop terrorism? What is the future of the endless conflict between Islamic extremism and modernity? The last one is particularly burning, since it touches an issue, entwined in ever-lasting controversy, aggression and needless carnage - the issue of Islamic fundamentalism and its extreme manifestation - terrorism. In my paper I argue that in its essence Islamic fundamentalism is a negation of the values, upheld by globalization, democracy, true Islam and modernity. There are several interconnected focal factors that render Islamic extremism incompatible with modern trends of development. The first and basic factor, always in the context of the history of Islam, is the theoretical foundation of fundamentalism. Also, another important issue is the rise of Islamic nationalism, which helps fundamentalism transform religious and cultural differences into an overt and brutal struggle against non-Muslim countries and their globalizing world. Of particular significance, however, is the poor economic development of Muslim states. Moreover, I believe it is the actual reason behind the violent outbreak of extremism. All these issues combine to form the idea of Islamic ideal versus reality, or the ever-increasing gap between modernity and the nature of fundamentalism. In addition, I argue that poor economic and social conditions in Muslim countries are caused by improper government policies and deep social c... ...://www.worldbank.org/wbi/mdf/mdf1/edecmen.htm> Global Poverty Monitoring. The Middle East and North Africa: An Overview. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2001 United States Senate. Extremist Movements and Their Threat to the United States. Washington: U.S. Government printing Office, 2000 The Islamic World to 1600: The Rise of the Great Islamic Empires The New York Times; October 31, 2001

“Match Girl” by Anne Bishop Essay

Anne Bishop bases her story, â€Å"Match Girl, off of Hans Christian Andersen’s â€Å"Little Match Girl†, but she adds a disturbing twist. Bishop uses so much torture and violence that as a reader you want no more. â€Å"Little Match Girl† was a story based on an innocent little girl having to face the cold heart of society. On the other hand, â€Å"Match Girl† was a story based on a young girl that has to face a disgusting and cruel world. The misery and cruelty that Bishop adds to her story is too much for this story to gain credibility. The story starts off with Phoenix already having to suffer from her owner’s cruelty. Just like the little girl in Andersen’s story Phoenix is suffering from cold and torn boots, but in Bishop’s story we get to meet her owners. In this tale we have characters that we can hate. Thanks to all of the characters that Bishop’s uses we are able to get a background story, a setting, and are able to have other feelings besides sadness. To start off with her owners were too cruel. Da had no voice throughout the story and the only action he had that was seen was when he hit Moll. Moll is a cold-hearted woman that treats Phoenix badly probably because she is also living a miserable life. She is forced to live in a man’s world. The men in her life control her and at the first chance she gets to show power and control she takes it. At first it seems like she is the only cruel character but that title is removed once we meet the rest of the characters. Moll and Da’s son does not fall too far from the tree. William is a disgusting creature that should have never been given life. He is absolutely good for nothing and does nothing besides shove his penis into innocent and defenseless Phoenix. He gets away with so much and no one says or does anything, not even Phoenix. But William is only a fraction of all the disgusting males in this story. The worst scene in this story is the one when all the men take a turn on raping Phoenix. She has a spoon that is violently hurting her mouth, meanwhile she has men violently rape her one right after the other. These men are completely heartless and time and again Bishop includes scenes of other women being punished by the men when they don’t do what they are told. Bishop only shows the men in the story as being drunk, violent, and horny. It’s as if she is trying to make a greater argument besides the cruel society that Phoenix lives in. All the men in this story are completely useless and do not have any actions besides violence and sex. This violence and sex is what leads critics to say that the cruelty takes credibility away. It is just too much for one girl to stand. There is too much misery for one story too hold. Anne Bishop said, â€Å"While I embellished or modified details to fit the fictional place, I didn’t make up the instruments of torture. They all existed† (Pg 247). I seem to disagree with Bishop. These â€Å"modified details† did not fit this fictional place. It was too much torture for one story, for one specific character to endure. Although Phoenix saw other women being hurt in different ways, she still had to endure watching them suffer. Phoenix when through too much and although in real life humans also have to endure torture and cruelty, I don’t believe anyone will ever go through all that Phoenix went through. I understand that the methods of torture used are real and were used; I just wish Bishop had cut done a bit on all the horrible things that happened to Phoenix. Phoenix didn’t deserve anything that happened to her, but she continued to be kicked around in more misery until the end. This story was really hard to read and accept. The imm ense cruelty took away from the credibility of the tale.

Cloud-computing services provide Essay

1. What business benefits do cloud-computing services provide? What problems do they solve? There are many benefits to cloud computing. Businesses of all sizes have the ability to take advantage of these and often find the costs within their individual budgets. Cloud computing environments are able to run on existing infrastructures, which makes the switch to cloud computing minimal from this aspect. Costs are incurred based on the amount of computing power they actually consume. (Laudon & Laudon, 2014) In addition this type of environment enables businesses to scale their needs on an as-needed basis, which helps to keep costs within budgets. Another benefit is the ability to respond quickly due to the portability of the application. With cloud computing businesses have the flexibility in how they utilize applications; this results in better turn around on information as employees have the ability to gain access to data and applications from anywhere. Cloud computing can assist in solving problems such as reducing costs. Since there is no need for additional equipment budgeting dollars can be spent elsewhere. In addition, with much of the infrastructure in the cloud the need for additional IT employees is eliminated. There is no additional need for support and maintenance on hardware and software with cloud computing. Cloud computing solves many problems such as reducing costs, improving efficiencies, providing additional sources for customers, and providing remote access for employees. Examples given in the case study included Zynga – a gaming platform offered on Facebook. When Zynga comes out with a new game, they have no knowledge of the amount of computing power they will need. They are better able to adjust this based on the popularity of any given game via cloud computing. The reliability of cloud computing for them equals revenue. Many other companies have benefited from cloud computing, it enables them to promote and sustain additional Internet traffic without crashing their internal systems. 2. What are the disadvantages of cloud computing? There are some disadvantages as well. The responsibility of storage is in the hands of the provider. This presents potential security risks as users can upload and download information from cloud computing and potentially use it to perform illegal tasks. (I think of the Target issue in November, whereby thousands of consumer’s information was breached.) Since the software applications depend on the provider to manage and support there is also risk if the site were to go down. The customers are dependent on the provider to find and fix the problem in a timely manner. No business wants their system to be down for an indefinite amount of time especially those that seek to gain revenue. Businesses are also reliant on the provider performing the appropriate updates to systems. As with any information switch there is potential for errors to occur. I believe one such occurrence happened recently with an airline company. The rates were entered incorrectly, which cost the airline a lot of money. There is always potential for errors or â€Å"fat fingers† as it is known. Overall the disadvantages are reliability and security. 3. How do the concepts of capacity planning, scalability, and TCO apply to this case? Apply these concepts to both Amazon and to subscribers of their services. Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by any given organization to meet the needs of the products being promoted. Scalability is the ability to process and handle a growing amount of need and the ability to accommodate this type of growth. The total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. (Laudon & Laudon, 2014) The concepts of these apply to the case. Cloud computing uses planning, scalability, and TCO. Amazon is one of the biggest online retailers in the world (I think I personally help them to achieve this ranking), this means they need to provide hardware capacity planning and scalability not just for  themselves, but for their subscribers as well. If they overestimate their needs they risk financial losses, and if they underestimate they run the risk of creating shortages for their own business needs as well as subscribers. As subscribers, if they run into non-availability too often they will lose faith in the ability of Amazon to manager their services and seek out other vendors – again causing potential losses to them as a company. Estimating the scalability for a large diverse consumer base without over or underestimating is difficult, but crucial for their continued success. Amazon has to take on the total TCO of its services, while at the same time ensuring it can maintain profitability. The services subscribers’ benefit from not having to be concerned with these issues and not bearing the brunt of TCO issues. 4. What kinds of businesses are most likely to benefit from using cloud computing? Why? While all businesses can benefit from using cloud computing, it is perhaps more beneficial for those smaller businesses, especially from a budgetary aspect. For smaller businesses they don’t have pre-existing data that needs to be transferred and are able to start their operations directly on the cloud. The ability to scale their operations is another great advantage. As their business grows so can their computing abilities with minimal capital expenditure. The cloud allows these smaller business owners to somewhat level the playing field with those larger companies who often maintain larger IT assets. It is a financially viable solution that doesn’t require large capital expenditures for servers, IT teams, and data system infrastructures. For these larger companies the cost savings are not as easily determined. Many already have â€Å"huge investments in complex proprietary systems supporting unique business processes, some of which have given them strategic advantages.† (Laudon & Laudon, 2014)

The Rolling Stones vs. The Beatles essays

The Rolling Stones vs. The Beatles essays By the summer of 1965, the so-called British Invasion of pop music was at its peak. And while there were many worthy UK groups occupying the number 2 and below slots, the Beatles at 1(A) and arguably, the Rolling Stones at 1(B),were, well, musically number one. The Rolling Stones and the Beatles are inextricably linked together. Linked by time, place, overwhelming popularity, and surpassing musical importance, they seem opposite in every other respect. (Campbell s core than these two bands. The Beatles were brought up by provincial working class families whose successful careers represented several steps up in class. The Rolling Stones came together in London, the center of British culture. They defined their image by stepping down in class. (Campbell s Night created their images. Unfortunately, the Beatles played their last concert in 1966. The entire band began to grow apart, both musically and personally. Their album, the White Album, confirmed this idea. The band broke apart 4 years later. On the other hand, the Rolling Stones have stayed together since the beginning and are still working as a band. They continue to tour which still attract large amounts of fans. The Stones and the Beatles were polar opposites. This was evident in what they conveyed and how they did it. The Beatles exemplified high spirits and good, mostly clean fun; they were pranksters at worst. In contrast, the Stones ¾by design ¾crossed the line. They turned impudence into insolence, peace and love into aggression and overt sexuality. (...

buy custom Consumer Protection in International Perspective essay

buy custom Consumer Protection in International Perspective essay Protection of Workers and Consumers Consumer protection has recently grown to become a major issue in any business environment. As the business environment becomes more competitive, complex and dynamic, most business are faced with low rates of returns and poor profits margins. This has forced such firms to invent unethical business practices and techniques of exploiting the citizens and the poor consumers in order to earn additional profits that would cover up for their losses. Certain businesses also exploit consumers due to existence of various loopholes in the management, control and governing of business activities by the government. Milton Friedman: The Free Market Provides Protection from Exploitation Purely By the Existence of Choice In my opinion, Milton Friedmans statement on protection of workers and customers through the existence of choice is narrow and can only be applied in a purely or perfect competitive market. This is because such perfect competition markets give the consumers options of choosing from a variety of producers or sellers. In contrast, in monopoly and monopolistic competition markets, for instance, such rule may not work because the customers have no choice other than to purchase what is provided to them by the single producer or seller. It is, thus, easy for the monopolist to exploit the citizens and consumers through various business malpractices such as provision of low quality goods and charging exorbitantly high prices. It, therefore, implies that protection from exploitation that is determined by the existence of consumers choices will depend on the market structure. Need For Governments Protection on Citizens and Consumers from Exploitation In my opinion, it is important for the government to protect and guard its citizens and the consumers from exploitation by businesspersons and trading firms. This protection can be exercised in various levels. At corporate level, those citizens who start and operate their medium-size firms locally or those who run their businesses within the country should be protected from unhealthy, harsh and stiff competition from foreign and international companies. The government should be responsible for ensuring that local businesses are licensed accordingly and also that such infant businesses pay reasonable license fees. The government should further regulate the buying and selling of goods and services within the market to ensure that demand and supply of goods and services are met according to market requirements (Cseres 31). The government has the responsibility to protect its citizens from exploitation by employers. It should set the minimum wage that workers should be paid. However, it is important to note that such legislation may drive away potential investors, who will opt for cheap labor elsewhere, especially in less developed countries. Additionally, the government should be committed to development, adoption and implementation of laws and legislations that aim at protecting citizens and consumers. It should carry out investigations regularly to identify and pursue those firms and businesspersons who violate consumers rights. The government should come up with laws that prohibit and make illegal business activities that may produce harmful goods and services that may hurt the consumers. It should make sure that businesses do not exploit consumers and those that do so throuh violation of any of the Consumer Protection Laws are either heavily fine or denied their licenses to operate. The government should ensure that all businesses comply with the laid down rules and regulations that govern operations in the marketplace. Similarly, it can empower consumers through provision of free information to help them make right decisions in their day to day business activities. This information can also be used by the consumers to exercise their rights and in pinpointing and avoiding frauds, swindles and deceptions within the marketplace. There should be civic education programs to inform and educate citizens and consumers on their rights against exploitations by greedy businesspersons. Through government intervention in business activities, it is easy for the government to address market failure problems. This is because it shall be able to control and coordinate the flow of goods and services within the market. It will be able to influence the demand and supply of goods in the marketplace. The government should provide and make available resources that are required for full protection of the citizens and consumers. It should provide consumers with relevant information and any assistance they may require to guard them from exploitation. Such information is very vital since it helps consumers make better choices in the market. Similarly, the government should make available all the necessary resources that may be needed to drive the consumer empowerment process. These can be financial resources, technical and professional personnel or good infrastructure. The government can also set certain minimum trading standards that must be met by the providers of goods and services. For example, all consumer goods must have standardization marks from a government agency. This will ensure that citizens are not deceived and exploited by the traders through provision of low quality and low quantity goods. Appropriate Level of Government Protection The level, at which a government can be involved in the protection of citizens and consumers against exploitation, varies from one country to another. It also depends on the market structure and its characteristics, for example, products that have rigid or less flexible demand curve may require more government intervention to protect the consumers due to high price inelasticity. In my opinion, the government should help in detection and prevention of business malpractices such as fraud and deception in the marketplace. It should aim at combating all unfair business practices within the marketplace. Similarly, the government can help business firms and consumers settle disputes that may arise in the process of buying and selling of goods and services. This goal can be achieved through setting of commercial and industrial law courts. According to Cseres, the government is responsible for enhancing consumer confidence by enforcing laws that protect consumers from exploitation (Cseres 49). The government should ensure that full information, relating to certain products, such as foodstuffs are disclosed. Accordingly, government protection on citizens and consumers increases, as the issue of concern becomes a national concern, for example, public health. Such protection would ensure that its citizens do not consume harmful products. According to Kleinschmidt, the interests oof consumers can be further protected by the government through promotion of fair and free competition within the marketplace (Kleinschmidt 173). Furthermore, consumer protection can also be implemented by non-governmental organizations such as Consumer Advocacy groups. The government can offer advice to the consumers, provide funds for consumer advocacy and education. Through various educational strategies and program such as awareness campaigns, the government will be able to enlighten consumers on their rights to non-exploitation. However, the consumers should also be able to communicate their wants and preferences openly to the suppliers. Similarly, they should be able to negotiate for better treatment. They should not excessively rely on government support in each and every transaction they carry out. They must take adequate precautions before entering into contracts. They should demand for full explanation and disclosure of any condition and information, relating to such contracts. Consumers and citizens should take enough precaution and should make informed choices on their own without influence from the businesspersons. In my view, excessive protection and regulation of consumers and the markets as a whole may limit consumer choices and competition. This may result into additional costs, incurred by businesses, which are, then, indirectly passed on to the consumers in form of high prices. The people should be given more power and control over their choices. Strict or rigid regulation alone is not enough. Excessive government intervention may be unhealthy, may prevent competition and slow down innovation in the market. It can also prove dangerous and may damage the economy. Services such as internet shopping, as stated by Howells and Veartherill, demand a lot of precaution and care. Consumers should, thus, be aware of the trading company, its integrity and ability to deliver the required goods and services at reasonable prices (Howells Veartherill 319). They should seek information and assistance from relevant government authorities and have full knowledge on various statutes such as the Electronic Commerce Regulations Act of 2002. Moreover, it is worth noting that the level of government intervention in business activities and its capability to protect the citizens and consumers from exploitation may be hindered by global factors such as technological development, market globalization, signing of international treaties and agreements that allow free trade, especially in the import-export market. Certain factors such as the great financial recession may result into a fragile market, when the government intervenes too much in its control, economic activities are severely affected. Just as Kleinschmidt notes down, excessive protection of the consumers and over control of the market may not be a good stimulus for inflow of investors from other countries (Kleinschmidt 196). It is important, therefore, that government involvement in economic activities are moderate and should aim at attracting more investors, rather than pushing them away. As it was said earlier, excessive protection of consumers may turn out to be a burden to them if not effectively managed. Finally, the government must find the best ways to address this problem of citizen and consumer exploitation. Appropriate measures should be taken as well as corrective initiatives. It should be able to address the broken link between competition and consumer market analysis and enforcement of consumer law. Buy custom Consumer Protection in International Perspective essay

Word Choice Bought vs. Brought - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Word Choice Bought vs. Brought Word Choice: Bought vs. Brought The words â€Å"buy† and â€Å"bring† are easy to tell apart. The past tense versions of these words, however, are very similar, which can lead to confusion. That is partly because these are irregular verbs, so we can’t add an â€Å"-ed† and say â€Å"buyed† and â€Å"bringed† (even if that would be simpler). In this post, then, we’re looking at the words â€Å"bought† and â€Å"brought.† Bought (Past Tense of â€Å"Buy†) â€Å"Bought† is the simple past tense and past participle of â€Å"buy.† We use it when someone has exchanged money for something. For example: I went to the store and bought cookies. Here, for example, the speaker is describing having purchased baked goods. This is the main use of â€Å"bought,† but it is also used for other senses of â€Å"buy.† These include believing something (e.g., â€Å"I can’t believe she bought his lie†) or bribing someone (e.g., â€Å"they bought the police chief’s silence with an envelope of money†). These are less formal uses of the word, though. Brought (Past Tense of â€Å"Bring†) We use â€Å"brought† when someone or something has been taken somewhere. For instance: I brought my sister to the party with me. Another common use of this term is to mean â€Å"made to happen,† such as in: After the party ended in disaster, we brought legal action against the host. In all cases, â€Å"brought† is the simple past tense or past participle of â€Å"bring.† Bought or Brought? These words are easy to mix up if you’re not careful. This could be problematic, since only one implies spending money. One tip is to get your work proofread, which will help you avoid typos. But if you’re ever unsure which term to use, keep in mind that both â€Å"bring† and â€Å"brought† start with â€Å"br,† whereas neither â€Å"buy† nor â€Å"bought† contain an â€Å"r.† Remember: Bought = Simple past tense of buy† Brought = Simple past tense of bring†

Organization and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization and Leadership - Essay Example The hospital facility in which I work promotes transformational leadership approach to manage the nursing staff effectively and thereby establishes a patient-centered care. According to Harrison, â€Å"transformational leadership is defined as leadership behaviors that inspire followers, resulting in both leader and follower raising each other up to higher level of morality, motivation, and performance based on four categories of leader behavior, including idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and inspirational motivation† (Harrison, 2011, p.98). Transformational leaders are expected to identify the needed change, create a vision plan to achieve the change through inspiration, and execute the change with the support of committed members of the group. Referring to Edwards, Knight, Broome and Flynn (2010), the four crucial components of transformational leadership include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. Idealized influence means the leader serves as an ideal role model for his/her followers whereas the component of inspirational motivation implies that transformational leaders have the potential to inspire and motivate others. The concept of individualized consideration reflects that this type of leaders express genuine commitment to considering the needs and feelings of the followers. Finally, intellectual stimulation means transformational leaders encourage the staff to be creative and innovative (Edwards et al). In this hospital facility, the nursing leaders rely on the transformational leadership approach to enhance the motivation, morale, and job performance of the nursing staff through a variety of mechanisms such as aligning the staff’s sense of identify with the collective identity of the organization; being a

American War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American War - Essay Example The people of South Korea were under extreme scrutiny by North Korea with numerous cases of violations of human rights. The United States used the Just War Theory to explain their reason for entering the conflict. The United States intervened in order to prevent the flow of Communism (that was commonly associated with human oppression) along with the defense of South Korea and their people. Due to the United States’ intervention, the people of South Korea experienced a decrease in human rights violations and their quality of life increased. The United States also exemplified their theory of humane treatment with their actions towards prisoners of war by treating them fairly. However, some critics believe that the United States used the Just War Theory to mask the main reason why they became involved: to grow as an imperialist power. This may be true but fortunately, the efforts of the United States did positively affect the people of South

It depends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

It depends - Essay Example Furthermore, penetrations into international or foreign markets also help to intensify the demand and brand image of the organization in the market. As a result, such type of penetration helps to improve the total sales and position thereby amplifying its reputation in the market among other contenders. Due to these reasons, maximum extent of the organizations desire to expand its operations into foreign markets. Internationalisation is recognised as a procedure to identify and penetrate the most feasible foreign market so as to enhance its operations. By doing so, the organization might increase its market share and brand value that may improve its inner strengths and opportunities as compared to many other rival contenders. An organization may enter a foreign market just by exporting its product lines so as to increase its level of awareness and credibility (Mathews, 2002, pp. 467-488). Apart from this, an organization might establish a joint venture with another domestic firm of that country so as to increase its total sale and net income. With the help of licensing also, an organization might enter the new foreign market and increase its revenues and profitability. Other than this, the organization may introduce its franchises and enhance its portfolio and position in the foreign market to a considerable extent. Hence, an organization may enter the foreign market with the help of the above mentioned ways. In this age, maximum extent of the organizations desire to develop their entities outside the state border. The prime reason behind this desire is to exploit the opportunities in both domestic and international border. However, in order to expand the operation of an organization in overseas markets, it’s extremely essential to analyse the market scenario and competitors activities. Only then, it may enhance its productivity and profitability in those unknown markets as compared to many other contenders. Thus, the

Econ question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Econ question - Essay Example As the author correctly notes, the situation should not be oversimplified and he suggests that rejecting inherited wealth would lead to an equal society. On the other hand, the power of hereditary wealth cannot be used in the demonstration of particular thresholds of disparity typical of the developed nations in the twentieth century. At a particular point in the twentieth century, hard work was the guaranteed way of achieving a good living, then the considerable changes associated with the interwar era made things different. The changes have little involvement with the increase in the productivity of workers as compared to the effect that was felt by the very rich in the interwar era. The societies that were exceptionally imbalanced had been developed based on extreme concentrations of wealth, which made it possible for a small class of individuals to survive on capital income alone. The working rich did not simply overtake the rest of the population during the interwar period. The author dedicates most chapter seven in his book to a comprehensive walk through the data that explains the elements that influenced changes in distribution of income throughout the last century. The distribution of income for the French was extremely compressed by the interwar era, but disparity started to increase swiftly in the after the war because of the quick recovery and increased focus on reconstruction than on distributional concerns. This tendency in the direction of increased disparity stopped by the political changes that took place on the late sixties, but disparity started increasing again in the early nineties. In the division of his analysis, Piketty tries to develop a clear distinction between the contemporary definition of labour and inheritance, and the dissimilarity between income form labour and income from wealth. He

Capital Market and Investment Banking Process Paper Research

Capital Market and Investment Banking Process - Research Paper Example You cannot as well borrow from friends or family members and to make matters even worse back loans are inaccessible. Thus, the end of this is that one is in need of money. At this same instance you might be having one of your friends who have established a rapport with rich persons. This makes the problem half solved since he/she can introduce you to such people. However, it is at a fee. At this point in time, this friend of yours who happens to sort you out is the investment banker. The traditional investment banking structure has major divisions. These consist of mergers and acquisitions, corporate finance, sales and trading, research and capital markets on the top of the other four. The largest of investment banks usually have highly diversified business undertakings. (Wise, 2006 pp6-8) Portfolio construction is that undertaking by an investor who portrays rationality where he/she maximizes upon returns emanating from their funds at a given risk rate or level. Any unique investment possesses a unique risk as well. The returns coming from these investments are in the way of income like dividends or interest or even capital gains. A portfolio construction follows the process presented as follows: - objectives setting, policy definition, using portfolio strategy, asset selection and assessment of performance. Objectives setting involve the determination of a given fund putting into account the underlying constraints. Policy definition follows after objectives setting and this is the process through which investors establish an investment policy. Using of portfolio strategy is the application of both the passive and active strategies. Active strategies is the prospecting of the future and variations expected. Passive strategies are the actions of purchasing securities such that they march the picked market index. Selection of assets is the decision by a fund manager regarding the specific assets to invest in. Lastly, assessment of performance is the

Econ question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Econ question - Essay Example As the author correctly notes, the situation should not be oversimplified and he suggests that rejecting inherited wealth would lead to an equal society. On the other hand, the power of hereditary wealth cannot be used in the demonstration of particular thresholds of disparity typical of the developed nations in the twentieth century. At a particular point in the twentieth century, hard work was the guaranteed way of achieving a good living, then the considerable changes associated with the interwar era made things different. The changes have little involvement with the increase in the productivity of workers as compared to the effect that was felt by the very rich in the interwar era. The societies that were exceptionally imbalanced had been developed based on extreme concentrations of wealth, which made it possible for a small class of individuals to survive on capital income alone. The working rich did not simply overtake the rest of the population during the interwar period. The author dedicates most chapter seven in his book to a comprehensive walk through the data that explains the elements that influenced changes in distribution of income throughout the last century. The distribution of income for the French was extremely compressed by the interwar era, but disparity started to increase swiftly in the after the war because of the quick recovery and increased focus on reconstruction than on distributional concerns. This tendency in the direction of increased disparity stopped by the political changes that took place on the late sixties, but disparity started increasing again in the early nineties. In the division of his analysis, Piketty tries to develop a clear distinction between the contemporary definition of labour and inheritance, and the dissimilarity between income form labour and income from wealth. He

The Good Life vs The Ethical life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Good Life vs The Ethical life - Essay Example In my opinion, one of the most valuable and credible allegations of Kant is that Kant focused on the fact that a person should always be considered as a goal rather than a means. This gives the opportunity to see the justification of Kant’s desire to argue the absolute nature of moral principles, as in this case the society might avoid the risk of dehumanization. The fact that a person should be seen as an end rather than as a means is directly related to the categorical imperative. According to this principle, we must evaluate our actions based on whether we can consider them â€Å"as a universal law† (Rohlf, 2010). The value of this concept is that it has a humanistic nature, arguing the need for humane treatment of others. Despite its obvious advantages, this concept is associated with a certain challenge. The fact is that in reality we cannot always remain faithful to moral principles. In some situations, it makes sense to hide the truth or even kill a person when it comes to saving our own life or the lives of our relatives. Different situations may involve different types of behavior, and, unfortunately, they cannot always meet the moral principles. I believe that Kantian ethics is crucial for the existence of society, because it determines the high status of moral values. On the other hand, my personal experience allows me to assert that the fundamental adherence to all ethical commandments in all situations may even lead to tragic consequences. Despite my sincere desire to comply with all the moral principles sometimes I have to violate a few of them. This fact makes me sad, but on the other hand, I understand that certain situations may require a certain behavior. In this case, I am referring to the method suggested by the concept of ethical utilitarianism. It argues that the assessment of behavior should assume an ethical analysis of the implications

Sects Cults and Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Sects Cults and Catholic Church Essay The Seventh Day Adventists A sect is a religious group with controversial beliefs, they are groups that break away from a main group/religion and form their own set of beliefs, which differ from the teachings of their parent group. Sects also reject the authority of their parent group. The Seventh Day Adventists is an example of a group that broke away from their parent religions of Millerite Movement and Christianity, to become a sect. New York was the home of the 1840s Millerite movement; Millerites were followers of he teachings of William Miller who prophesied the second coming of Jesus Christ to Earth on the 22nd October 1844. When Jesus did not appear on this day the Millerites dissolved, however from the ashes of one movement came the next as the Seventh Day Adventists arose from the disbanded Millerites. The Seventh Day Adventist Church was officially founded in 1863 and the four founding fgures were Joseph Bates, James White, Ellen G. White and J. N. Andrews. The Church quickly became popular and began to spread worldwide, reaching the shores of New Zealand in the 1880s only shortly after its official establishment back in the States. Today the Seventh Day Adventist Church boasts over 16 million members globally and is the twelfth largest religious body in the world.

Indian Cyber Warfare Capability | An Analysis

Indian Cyber Warfare Capability | An Analysis India is getting rapidly wired to the information superhighway. As India gets connected to the global village, asymmetric IW threat posed by the adversaries as well as non-state actors would be on the rise. With always ON broadband connections through DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), Cable modems and 3G (third generation) cellular networks, widely spread across homes and offices, the cyber threat potential, has become more pronounced. As per, Mr. S.K. Gupta, Advisor (CN IT), TRAI, the definition of broadband has been modified to include only those services that offer access speeds of 512 kbps from 01 Jan 2011. This is expected to be upgraded to 2 Mbps network speeds from Jan 2015  [1]  . As brought out earlier India has carried a niche for itself in the IT Sector. Indias reliance on technology also reflects from the fact that India is shifting gears by entering into facets of e-governance. Ever since the launch of the largest software project implemented in India, the Country Wide Network for Computerised Enhanced Reservation and Ticketing (CONCERT) for the Indian Railways in 1986  [2]  , India has now brought sectors like income tax, passports, visa under the realm of e-governance. Sectors like police and judiciary are to follow. The travel sector is also heavily reliant on this. Most of the Indian banks have gone on full-scale computerisation. This has also brought in concepts of e-commerce and e-banking. The stock markets have also not remained immune. To create havoc in the country these are lucrative targets to paralyze the economic and financial institutions. The damage done can be catastrophic and irreversible. Fig-1 Indias Information Infrastructure (Source CERT-India). India currently occupies a leading position in the IT outsourcing and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry. India is ideally situated in South Asia, offering a 10-12 hour time differential to North America and Europe that together encompass nearly 80 percent of the global IT business. The time zone difference ensures round the clock productivity for these nations wanting to outsource their software as well as other services requirements  [3]  . Indias total revenue due to IT and BPO outsourcing was US$33 billion, which is estimated to grow to US$60 billion by the end of year 2011. Datamonitor, a leading UK-based business information company, research indicates that 67-72% of costs to call centers operating in the US/UK are directly linked to man power costs. India, on the other hand spends only 33-40% of costs on man power. This includes training, benefits and other incentives for labor  [4]  . 83 per cent of Indian businesses had reported a security breach (against th e global 64 per cent) and 42 per cent of these had three or more breaches (as of Sept 2004). Existing Counter Cyber Security Initiatives. Having realised the importance of racing ahead of its adversaries in cyberspace, the Indian Govt has put in place various initiatives. Salient features of these initiatives have been discussed in succeeding paragraphs. NASSCOM is in the process of setting up the Data Security Council of India (DSCI) as a Self-Regulatory Organization (SRO) to establish, popularize, monitor and enforce privacy and data protection standards for Indias IT ITeS industry. National Informatics Centre (NIC). A premier organisation providing network backbone and e-governance support to the Central Government, State Governments, Union Territories, Districts and other Governments bodies. It provides wide range of information and communication technology services including nationwide communication Network for decentralized planning improvement in Government services and wider transparency of national and local governments. Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (Cert-In). Cert-In is the most important constituent of Indias cyber community. Cert-In is a functional organisation of Dept of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Govt of India, operational since 2004, with the objective of securing Indian Cyber space. It serves as a national agency for computer incident response. Its mandate states, ensure security of cyber space in the country by enhancing the security communications and information infrastructure, through proactive action and effective collaboration aimed at security incident prevention and response as well as security assurance. National Information Security Assurance Programme (NISAP). This is for Government and critical infrastructures, highlights are:  ­ Government and critical infrastructures should have a security policy and create a point of contact. (b) Mandatory for organizations to implement security control and report any security incident to Cert-In. Cert-In to create a panel of auditor for IT security. (d) All organizations to be subject to a third party audit from this panel once a year. (e) Cert-In to be reported about security compliance on periodic basis by the organizations. Indo-US Cyber Security Forum (IUSCSF). Under this forum (set up in 2001) high power delegations from both side met and several initiatives were announced. Highlights are:  ­ Setting up an India Information Sharing and Analysis Centre (ISAC) for better cooperation in anti-hacking measures. Setting up India Anti Bot Alliance to raise awareness about the emerging threats in cyberspace by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Ongoing cooperation between Indias Standardization Testing and Quality Certification (STQC) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) would be expanded to new areas. The RD group will work on the hard problems of cyber security. Cyber forensics and anti-spasm research. Chalked the way for intensifying bilateral cooperation to control cyber-crime between the two countries. Challenges and Concerns. Some challenges and concerns are highlighted below:  ­ (a) Lack of awareness and the culture of cyber security at individual as well as institutional level. (b) Lack of trained and qualified manpower to implement the counter measures. (c) Too many information security organisations which have become weak due to turf wars or financial compulsions. (d) A weak IT Act which has become redundant due to non-exploitation and age old cyber laws. (e) No e-mail account policy especially for the defence forces, police and the agency personnel. (f) Cyber-attacks have come not only from terrorists but also from neighboring countries inimical to our National interests. Recommendations. Certain recommendations are given below:  ­ Need to sensitize the common citizens about the dangers of cyber terrorism. Cert-in should engage academic institutions and follow an aggressive strategy. (b) Joint efforts by all Government agencies including defence forces to attract qualified skilled personnel for implementation of counter measures. (c) Cyber security not to be given more lip service and the organisations dealing with the same should be given all support. No bureaucratic dominance should be permitted. (d) Agreements relating to cyber security should be given the same importance as other conventional agreements. (e) More investment in this field in terms of finance and manpower. (f) Indian agencies working after cyber security should also keep a close vigil on the developments in the IT sector of our potential adversaries. National security adviser M K Narayanan set up the National Technology Research Organization, which is also, involved in assessing cyber security threats. But the cyber security forum of the National Security Council has become defunct after the US spy incident. This has scarred the Indian establishment so badly that its now frozen in its indecision. This has seriously hampered Indias decision-making process in cyber warfare. Cyber attacks usually happen very quickly and often with great stealth. Critical war fighting operations must continue to function effectively while under cyber attack. India is yet to formulate a framework to evolve suitable response to PLA cyber warfare developments. Organisations in the pipeline. After being at the receiving end of cyber attacks from across the border for many years, India is preparing a blueprint for undertaking counter cyber warfare on unfriendly countries. According to a proposal being considered by the National Security Council, Indian agencies may be told to enhance capabilities to exploit weaknesses in the information systems of other countries and also collect online intelligence of key military activities. The proposal includes setting up laboratories in research institutions to simulate cyber attacks with the help of ethical hackers. These laboratories would be used for training intelligence agencies for offensive and defensive cyber warfare techniques. Personnel working in this area may be given legal immunity for carrying out these activities. The blueprint is likely to be put into action by the National Technical Research Organisation, the Defence Intelligence Agency and the Defence Research and Development Organisation. The plan also talks about setting up early-warning capabilities about impending attacks on the countrys information systems and developing expertise in cyber forensics, which includes tools that focus on acquiring information from attacked systems to find out sources of attacks. The Government is looking at setting up a National Testing Facility that will certify all imported software and hardware procured for key information systems. Security agencies are concerned about spyware or malware embedded into imported products which can be used by unfriendly countries to disrupt key sectors. The proposed testing facility will be on the lines of the Trust Technology Assessment Programme in the US. In order to secure key areas such as banking, Defence, the Railways, civil aviation, atomic energy and oil and gas, it is being proposed to set up a Computer Emergency Response Team for each of these sectors. Privileged information suggests the Indian government could seriously consider creating the position of a cyber security czar whose mandate would be to fundamentally overhaul cyber security and bring the currently fragmented networks under a clearly defined structure. The overhaul will demand a whole new approach outside the bureaucratic confines considering that it necessarily requires tapping the cyber security community constituted by young professionals in their 20s and 30s. Since this community is used to working in a highly non-hierarchical environment with a great deal of personal freedom the government will have to use the office of the cyber security czar as its interface with the young professionals. Threats Faced by Indian Cyberspace. Although cyber security had already been coming under government focus for some time now, a 10-month-long investigation by the University of Torontos Munk Centre for International Studies, Canadian security firm SecDev Group and US-based cyber sleuthing organisation Shadow server Foundation has added extra urgency to the task. The investigators have issued a report titled Shadows in the Cloud: An investigation into cyber espionage 2.0 which highlights how Indias defence establishment was seriously penetrated by cyber attackers based in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province in southwest China. The report exposes widespread penetration of computer systems at the National Security Council Secretariat, which is part of the Prime Ministers Office, Indian diplomatic missions in Kabul, Moscow, Dubai and Abuja, Military Engineer Services, Military Educational Institutions, the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, the National Maritime Foundation and some corporations. It is hard to quantify the damage the information obtained by the hackers can cause, but it could be potentially significant. The report has served to highlight serious flaws and vulnerabilities in Indias official information networks. Those who know how the systems work point to a lack of discipline in even seemingly trivial details such as senior government officials in sensitive positions still using email addresses on Yahoo, Hotmail and Gmail. They say inasmuch as no email system can be made foolproof, these free accounts are even less so. Even the use of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are known to be prone to systematic attacks. Apart from the inherent interest in Indias defence and other establishments because of its rise as a major power, there is also another reason why the country has emerged as an important target. Its position as home to large IT companies which are in turn repositories of vast global information also makes India particularly attractive to hackers. In a sense hacking India could lead to a great deal of diverse economic, financial, health and other forms of valuable intelligence. One of the primary mandates of any future cyber security czar would be to create a multi-layered security system around its national assets in a manner that no single successful penetration would yield a treasure trove of information in one place. The cyber security czar could also be mandated to lay down standards and code of conduct for those in the government handling data of certain sensitive nature. Informed sources say the czar would report to the National Security Advisor and would often end up operating outside the traditional command and control structure of the Indian bureaucracy because of the kind of monitoring the office would be expected to do. One specific approach that the Indian government might have to consider adopting relates to what in industry parlance are known as defensive and offensive hackers. While the formers job would be to ensure strong defences against all attacks, that of the latter would be to actively be part of hackers worldwide who perform the role of flooding malware or malicious software codes used to infiltrate large systems. Such participation is crucial to pre-empting attacks. It is in this context that the Canadian investigation makes an interesting point. Under the section Patriotic Hacking the report says, The PRC has a vibrant hacker community that has been tied to targeted attacks in the past and has been linked through informal channels to elements of the Chinese state, although the nature and extent of the connections remain unclear. One common theme regarding attribution relating to attacks emerging from the PRC concerns variations of privateering model in which the state authorizes priva te persons to perform attacks against enemies of the state. Unlike China, which has developed a sizable community of defensive as well as offensive hackers, India has not even begun to evolve a cohesive approach to what cyber security experts regard as a decisive aspect of the information technology-driven world. Since the government cannot officially or even unofficially recruit these hackers, it will have to find creative ways to utilize their services and create enough indirect protections in the event some of them run afoul of law-enforcement agencies which may not know about their existence. This is clearly a grey area which many cyber security experts say is a necessary evil. It is conceivable that India may have to create its own version of patriotic hackers if it has to effectively thwart hacking attacks.

The Fish Gone Fishin :: Bishop Fish Essays

The Fish  - Gone Fishin' "The Fish" by Elizabeth Bishop is saturated with vivid imagery and abundant description, which help the reader visualize the action.     Bishop's use of imagery,   narration, and tone allow the reader to visualize the fish and create a bond with him, a bond in which the reader has a great deal   of admiration for the fish's plight.   The mental pictures created are, in fact, so brilliant that the reader believes incident actually happened to a real person, thus building respect from the reader to the fish.   Initially the reader is bombarded with an intense image of the fish; he is "tremendous,"   "battered," "venerable," and "homely."   The   reader is sympathetic with the fish's situation, and can relate because everyone has been fishing. Next, Bishop compares the fish to familiar household objects: "here and there / his brown skin hung in strips / like ancient wallpaper, / and its pattern of darker brown / was like wallpaper;" she uses two similes with common objects to create sympathy   for the captive.   Bishop then goes on to clearly illustrate what she means by "wallpaper": "shapes like full-blown roses / stained and lost through age."   She uses another simile here paired with descriptive phrases, and these effectively depict a personal image of the fish. She uses the familiar "wallpaper" comparison   because it is something the readers can relate to their own lives.   Also the "ancient wallpaper" analogy can refer to the fish's age. Although faded and aged he wit hstood the test of time, like the wallpaper.   Bishop uses highly descriptive words like "speckled" and "infested" to create an even clearer mental picture.   The word "terrible" is used to describe oxygen, and this is ironic because oxygen is usually beneficial, but in the case of the fish it is detrimental.   The use of   "terrible" allows the reader to visualize the fish gasping for breaths and fighting against the "terrible oxygen," permitting us to see the fish's predicament on his level.  Ã‚   The word frightening does essentially the same thing in the next phrase, "the frightening gills."   It creates a negative image of something (gills) usually considered favorable,   producing an intense visual with minimal words.  Ã‚   Another simile is used to help the reader picture the fish's struggle: "coarse white flesh packed in like feathers."   This wording intensifies the reader's initial view of the fish, and creates a visual, again, on the reader's level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bishop next relates to the fish on a personal basis: "I looked into his eyes.

Paraplegia Essay Essay

Abstract Approximately 11,000 spinal cord injuries involving Paraplegia are reported in the United States yearly. These injuries occur as a result of automobile and motorcycle accidents, falls, sporting accidents, and gunshot wounds; although, it is also caused by congenital conditions. When the spinal nerve signals below the level of the injury is partially cut off from the brain, this results in Paraplegia disability. This is an impairment of motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The most affected areas of the spinal canal by Paraplegia are related directly either with the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. Spinal Cord injuries are medical emergencies. Immediate treatment can reduce long-term effects. There are several effective techniques that can help minimize the impact of these injuries and could help paraplegic patients regain some movement of the joints, muscles, and extremities. These techniques extent and are not limited to: manual therapy, physical therapy, sport medicine rehabilitation, exercise training, technological stimulation, neurological studies, and emotional support. All these therapies along with the proper professional intervention can help paraplegic patients get back some sense of support that could lead to their future independency and self worthiness. PARAPLEGIA When a person suffers a spinal cord injury most of the neurological information travels from the spinal nerves below the level of injury all the way to the brain. Somehow these spinal nerves stop sending signals to the brain partially cutting off its main function resulting in Paraplegia. There are many levels of Paraplegia that depend on the severity of the injury which permanently damages the spinal cord. There are several effective techniques and practices that have successfully helped with the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. Some of these techniques extent from manual therapies such as stretching and flexibility exercise, swimming, and the usage of the most innovative technological development today. These therapies help managing the Paraplegia disability and stop the probability from worsen and acquiring complications to the disease. Therefore, offering new hope and a sense of emotional support to paraplegic patients. â€Å"If you are an underdog, mentally disabled, phys ically disabled, if you do not fit  in, if you are not as pretty as the others, you can still be a hero.† (Guttenberg, 2012). Managing Paraplegia is not an easy task. The disability itself is very breath taking but the people that suffer the disease manage the strength to endure and confront it. Some of the most endurance trainings are physical deteriorating. 1. Stretching and Flexibility exercises are the two most important techniques used to treat paraplegia at the present time. Stretching can reduce muscle spasticity and is good to improve flexibility. These exercises also help to reduce other related health problems such as Tendonitis and Bursitis. Manual therapy is the hands-on approach that differentiates Physical Therapists from other health practitioners. This practice should be the prime and backbone of any treatment plan because it reeducates the body into its proper movement and mechanics, and helps tremendously in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. â€Å"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.† (Einstein). Since most of the Paraplegia cases are rarely known to be overcome, it is only fair to say that some of the emotional stages these patients get to be at lets them acquire some grade of optimism to keep on and have faith that their miracle may come at any time. â€Å"Limitations only go so far.† (Hensel). The psychological toll paraplegic patients go through is very high, but this does not stops them from making their dreams come true and keep competing in the sports they like the most. For example the paratriathlete, John McLean, who became the first person in a wheelchair to complete the Ironman World Championship and swim the English Channel in 1995 and 1998. 2. Swimming and aquatic exercises provide optimal conditions for paraplegic patients. The water eliminates the effects of gravity allowing weakened limbs to attain a greater range of motion. It also helps to support the body so there is less stress on the hips, knees, and spine. Exercises in the water increase muscle power and endurance which help mobilize joints and muscles. Therefore, swimming is definitely a good sport to practice that stimulates the health and wellbeing of people suffering from Paraplegia. â€Å"Being disabled should not mean being disqualified from having access to every aspect of life.† (Thompson). Paraplegics should have access to the developmental progress currently happening in the field. Although, everybody does not have the same capability of reaching new  technology doctors should implement it for the well being of their patients. 3. Innovative new technological therapies offer new hope for Paraplegia disability. For example: The spinal electric stimulation helps patients to temporarily regain muscle control in their legs, feet, toes, ankles, and knees. The ultrasound therapy also helps generate heat deep in the body that makes it easier to loosen up tissues in the preparation of manual therapy. Last but not least, another alternative to treat Paraplegia is the Ware K. Tremor therapy which uses special assisted facilities and equipment made specifically to manipulate the human neurological and nervous systems. This therapy helps paraplegic patients intensify their sensitivity and environmental stimulation. â€Å"Handicaps are really to be used another way to benefit yourself and others.† (Wonder). This type of technology has improved the life of many paraplegic patients. Improving their style of life through technological advances can be a tool they can use to help re-establish their lives in many ways. Although, is a great road ahead more and new researches are being done in order to help paraplegic patients manage the disease. For example in Kentucky for the first time in history and with the usage of a neurostimulator four young men who were paralyzed for several years were able to move their legs again. This progress was obtained through the usage of the electrical epidural stimulation of the spinal cord. This technology has helped and has given a new light at the end of tunnel and a new resource in the battle of this terrible condition. Conclusion Scientists are currently using all the available resources in order to fight and possibly cure Paraplegia. It is a big ordeal considering all the factors that contribute to the level of injury each patient has. The amount of time this impairment takes in order to be handled has a big impact in the emotional well being of each individual. All the different kind of therapies offered to the patients has its pros and cons, but some risks must be taken in order to be able to obtain positive results. The life expectancy for patients with Paraplegia is lower than normal people. Fortunately, during the past several years the survival rate has increased. The truth is that some paraplegic patients will be able to see some kind of improvement along the road, others will still be fighting the disease hoping  that new technology or cure can be created in order to save their lives. â€Å"I thank God for my handicaps, for, through them, I have found myself, my work, and my God.† (Keller). It is only fair to acknowledge that the disease itself, the recuperation process, and the rehabilitation progress take so much strength not only from the patients, but also from each and one of every family member that is involved. The disease takes its own style of life that creates a sense of compassion that should be present in every human being in order to help fight this terrible disease. References Laming, Rebecca and Wolpert, Stuart (2014). â€Å"Breakthrough therapy allows four paraplegic men to voluntary move their leg.† Health and medicine Newsroom, UCLA Health. Kentucky: The Oxford University Press. Website: http://www.uclahealth.org URL: http://www.uclahealth.org/body.cfm?id=561&action=detail&ref=2412 Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). â€Å"Paralysis also called Hemiplegia, Palsy, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia.† U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH: National Institutes of Health. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher. Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/paralysis.html Website source: www.lirn.net/titles / www.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). â€Å"Spinal Cord Injuries.† U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH: National Institutes of Health. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher. Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Website source: www.lirn.net/titles / www.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer MMD Newswire (2012). â€Å"Ware K (TM) Tremor Therapy exploits the vital role (TM) plays in our health and wellbeing.† Georgia: Mass Media Distribution LLC. Publishing. Website: http://www.mmdnewswire.com URL: http://www.mmdnewswire.com/ware-k-tremor-therapy-chaos-health-1106086.html O’donnell, Leslie (2009). â€Å"Inspiration quotes for the disabled and those who raise them.† Examiner.com. New York: AXS Digital Group LLC. Publishing. Website: www.examiner.com URL: www.examiner.com/article/inspiration-quotes-for-the-disabled-and-those-who-raise-them Guttenberg, Steve (2012) Newest Edition. Bookâ€Å"The Guttenberg bible: A memoir.† Volume I, Chapter I, P36. Texas: Thomas Dunn Books Publisher. Website: www.goodreads.com URL: http://u.s.macmillan.com/theguttenbergbible/SteveGuttenberg Ozelie R, Sipple C, Foy T, et al (2009). SCIRehab Project Series: â€Å"The occupational therapy taxonomy.† J Spinal Cord Med 32 (3): 283-97. PMC 2718817. US: MIT Publishing Website: www.ncib.nlm.nih.gov URL: https://www.ncib.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718817

Family Medicines: a Strategic Weakness Essay

Recently the trends of urbanization and fast population increase expose several problems to healthcare system in Vietnam like shortage of healthcare manpower, low quality of care, unreasonable distribution of healthcare manpower in different geographic areas, particularly the serious shortage of physicians in Mekong Delta and North-west highland areas as specialists tend to locate their practices in urban medical centers where they could have access to advanced technology, supportive services and consultations from other specialists while rural areas are underserved and patient care becomes highly technocratic, fragmented and episodic. Furthermore, the shortage of physicians in major cities results in a seriously permanent overload at Central level and some specialty hospitals like Oncology, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology .. etc.. In sustainable issues, deficit of Family medicine – a basic foundation of modern healthcare in the world, is identified as one of main causes of such problems in Vietnam healthcare system. The purpose of this Essay is to provide a theoretical discussion and analysis about the Family medicine weakness in Healthcare system and Family physician insufficiency in Vietnam to better understand about their impacts to the healthcare system at present and some proposed solutions and recommendations to improve these deficits. 2. Family Medicine and its roles in global healthcare system. In contemporary medicine, Family medicine remains the foundation stone of healthcare service in the community. As the most interesting and challenging of medical disciplines it is based on six fundamental principles: * primary care * family care * domiciliary care * continuing care All above principles are all designed to achieve: * preventive care * personal care (Pereira Gray, 1980). In the contemporary climate where medical services are fragmented and there are competing interests there is a greater need than ever for generalists. In those principles, primary care is the backbone of the health care system and encompasses the following functions: * It is first – contact care, serving as a point of entry for the patient into the healthcare system * It includes continuity by virtue of caring for patients in sickness and health over some period * It is comprehensive care, drawing from all the traditional major disciplines for its functional content. It serves a coordinative function for all the healthcare needs of the patient * It assumes continuing responsibility for individual patient follow-up and community health problems * It is a high personalized type of care (Rakel 2011) In the 2008 report, the World Health Organization (WHO) reaffirmed the importance of primary health care with its report â€Å"Primary health care now more than ever† and its emphasizes that primary care is the best way of coping with the illnesses of the 21st century, and that better use of existing preventive measures could reduce the global burden of disease by as much as 70%. The commentary emphasizes that ‘primary care brings promotion and prevention, cure and care together in a safe, effective and socially productive way at the interface between the population and the health system’. The key challenge is to â€Å"put people first since good care is about people† (WHO, 2008). Rather than drifting from one short-term priority to another, countries should make prevention equally important as cure and focus on the rise in chronic diseases that require long-term care and strong community support. Furthermore, at the 62nd World Health Assembly in 2009, WHO strongly reaffirmed the values and principles of primary health care as the basis for strengthening health care system worldwide. The essence of Family medicine is continuity of care and the evidence for its contribution to quality of care and better outcomes as follows: * Lower all cause morbidity * Better access to care * Less re-hospitalization * Fewer consultations with specialists * Less use of emergency service Better detective of adverse effects of medication interventions. Role definition of Family physician varies considerably both among family physicians and among people with whom they interact. Some individuals, particularly other medical specialists, see family medicine as merely another name of general practice. For others, family medicine is synonymous with primary care. A large proportion of family physicians further elaborate their role to include emphasis on personalized and humanized care. A smaller group adds a third component to their role: caring for families. The largest proportion who subscribes to this last notion refer to family physicians’ treating all members of a family (Cogswell, Sussman, 1982). In view of Family medicine, Family physicians are generalists who primarily draw their scientific medicine and technical expertise from five older specialties – internal medicines, pediatrics, surgery, obstetrics-gynecology and psychiatry-neurology. Compared to these specialties, family medicine is still a young field marked both by rapid expansion and by change, variety, ambiguity and conflict in the images and definition of the role of family physician. As the largest caring scope in healthcare services, the quality and quantity strengths of Family physician force play key roles to improve the health quality of national population. Globally the scope of Family medicine is extended with the recent view of global health care which is a field at the intersection of several disciplines: epidemiology, economics, demography and sociology. The term global health, as opposed to international health, implies consideration of the health needs of the people of the whole planet above the concerns of particular nations. That means global health has wide scope and reach to equity that the term of international health. The â€Å"global health† concept in Family medicine raises the changes in primary care nature as follows: * All population has to deal with the same risk of health due to the phenomena of traveling and immigration. Increase the gap between the poor & the rich globally. * The process of the urbanization/globalization. * Increase of the population in the world. * Decrease of the resources for health care. * Global warming phenomena. * Vaccination Era. * Evidence Based Medicine in daily practice. * Increase the bad behavior such as fast food, tobacco, stress, use alcohol†¦ * Primary health care change to Primary care concept  (Pham Le An, 2009). Such comprehensive changes upgrade the scale of Fami ly medicine in healthcare. In order to promote the global health support as well as strengthen the co-operation of national members, the World Organization of National colleges and Academies (WONCA), World Organization of Family physicians in WHO, was officially established and based in Singapore after the Fifth World Conference on General Practice in Melbourne in 1972. 3. Family medicine situation in Vietnam Although Family medicine basis had been established in the world for over 40 years, Family physicians, the most recently recognized specialists in Vietnam, are in the enigmatic situation of developing the occupational role which they simultaneously occupy. Family medicine had been only approved for establishment by Vietnam Ministry of Health since 2000. Until 2003, Family medicine specialty was established at 3 Medical Universities of Hanoi, HCMC City and Thai Nguyen province to train Family physicians and its specialists. However, its development was spontaneous with 7 Family medicine clinics (in both public and private sectors) nationwide and not strategically organized at all levels so far. There are only 59 post-graduated specialists and around 1,1 General practitioners who partly handle the roles of family physicians per 10,000 people averagely. The imbalance between Family medicine and other specialists can be seen by the ratio of 7,2 Medical doctors per 10,000 people in overall (Vietnam General Statistics Office – GSO – 2011) and the healthcare system only satisfies about 60- 70% of the demands and are lower than neighbor countries like Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines.. tc. In 2011 report, Vietnam Ministry of Health forecasted the demand of 34,000 General practitioners more to obtain 10 Medical doctors/10,000 people in 2020 and this is a significant challenge to all 19 Medical educational Universities/Colleges to educate Medical doctors and post-graduate levels in medicine which capacities supply 4,800 graduated Medical doctors every year to add around 3,500 physicians more a year. Not only the quantity of family physicians is seriously insufficient, but also their quality to fulfill the roles of a family physician does not meet the needs of the patients and social development. The General practitioner training programs don’t orient student to the WHO’s critical requirements of â€Å"good doctors† in Family medicine, even though the criteria are more and more demanding by time, for example, the newer criteria of John Murtagh in 2001 â€Å"What makes a good General Practitioner? : * Develop rapport and good communication skills * Ask the right questions * Be astute and observant * Develop optimal ethical and professional standards * Have a fail-safe diagnostic strategy * Develop supportive networks * Know essential therapeutics * Develop basic procedural skills * Be well prepared for emergencies * Know yourself and your limitations including own general practitioners. The importance of certain specific competences and soft-skills in family physician force are emphasized in many studies. An interesting survey on patient care by representative health consumers conducted at St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne revealed that the most important attributes of good doctors were (in some order of importance) caring, responsibility, empathy, interest, concern, competence, knowledge, confidence, sensitivity, perceptiveness, diligence, availability and manual skills. Additionally, there are neither comprehensive residency programs for Family physicians at Medical Universities/ Colleges in Vietnam nor supporting policy to them and general practitioners practicing at remote or rural areas so far. With effort to resolve the overload situation of Central hospitals in major cities, Project 1816 of Vietnam Ministry of Health deployed in 2008 with the purpose of â€Å"Fielding rotated professionals from upper level hospitals to lower levels to improve the quality of medical care† achieved some initial results such as transferring some technologies and conducting on-site training to improve skills and qualifications for lower level health care professionals; initially improving the quality of medical care at lower levels, especially in the mountainous, remote areas with staff shortage†¦etc, but its couldn’t obtain one of basic goals to reduce overcrowding for upper level hospitals, especially central level hospitals because it made the shortage of central level and specialty hospital more serious by the rotation. 4. Impacts of Family Medicine weakness in Healthcare system & Family physician insufficiency in Vietnam. Due to low reliability and poorly structured family physician network, patients tend to bypass to specialists/ central level hospitals (Vietnam Ministry of Health – 2011 Report), opposite with the trend in the world in which healthcare activities for chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma†¦are moved from in-patient to out-patient services with comprehensive treatment protocol at each level (Dang Van Phuoc, 2012) The irregular bypass causes the overload at Central level and specialty hospitals and the overloading condition becomes more serious, i. e, bed using capacity at Central hospitals increase from 116% (2009) to 120% (2010) and 118% (2011). It’s extremely high in some specialty hospitals such as K (Cancer) Hospital: 249%, Bach Mai Hospital: 168%; Cho Ray hospital: 154%; Central Obstetric and Gynaecological hospital: 124% .. etc. High capacity occurs in some specialties such as Oncology, Cardio-vascular, Orthopaedics (at 100% of hospitals), Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics (at 70% of hospitals) while 36,8% of General hospitals are overloaded. The similar situation also happens in Consulting Departments with 80 exams/day/doctor while 60% – 80% of patients at Central level hospitals could be examined at local level and 40% of surgery cases at Central level hospital could be performed at local levels (Ministry of Health – Plan to decrease workload of Central level hospitals 2012- 2020) With the cost in health care, the deficit of Family medicine in Vietnam is one of reason making the medical expenses of patient higher. Total Expenditure on health as % of GDP (5. 1) is fairly high while General Government expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health (28. 5) is so low to neighbor countries (Susan, 2005). The most cost-effective healthcare systems depend on a strong primary care base. This has been confirmed by a variety of studies comparing the care given by physicians in different specialties because primary care provided by physicians specifically trained to care for the problems presenting to personal physicians, who know their patients over time, is of higher quality than care provided by other physicians. When hospitalized patients with pneumonia are cared for by family physicians or full-time specialist hospitalists, the quality of care is comparable, but the hospitalist incur higher hospital charges, longer lengths of stay, and use more resources (Smith et al. , 2002). Similarly, the greater quantity of primary care physicians practicing in a nation, the lower is the cost of health care. The cost of healthcare is inversely proportional to the percentages of generalists practicing in that nation. According to OECD Health (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development – OECD Health Data, June 2005), United Kingdom has twice the percentage of family physicians but half the cost to U. S.. Administrative overhead accounts for a major part of the high overhead cost (31%) of U. S. health care (Woolhandler et al. 2003). Countries with strong primary care have lower overall health care costs, improved health care outcomes, and healthier populations (Starfield, 2001; Phillips and Starfield, 2004). The shortage of Family physicians and Family medicine deficits also cause other problems in health care as follows: * Incomplete or unsuccessful Primary health care performance. * The gap between urban care and rural care in the health care network. * The competition among specialties: lack of cooperation in chronic disease care, increase the cost of management. * Barrier in teaching ambulatory care and doing out-patient’s research in academies (Pham Le An, 2009). In society, Family medicine meets some resistances of patients such as family hysicians are unfairly treated as â€Å"general consultants†, â€Å"home caring doctors† and even in medical community, they are considered as â€Å"incompetent doctor†, â€Å"poor specialist†, â€Å"unfair competitive doctor†.. e tc. Many other specialists and hospitals’ managements list Family physicians as one of financial losing causes to their hospitals. Such unfair treatments make many Family physicians feel uncomfortable with the specialty and their roles of Family physician. The reliability of patients and society to them is fairly low and this specialty does not attract the general practitioners to study. 5. Some proposed solutions & recommendations to improve Family medicine. In order to improve the Family medicine in Vietnam, it requires a comprehensive strategy with strong supports of government, educational institutes and society. Within the limit of this essay, I would like to propose some solutions and recommendations as follows: a. Increasing the quantity of Family physicians with additionally trained General practitioners and using the retired medical doctors: The greater the number of primary care physicians in a country, the lower is the mortality rate and the lower cost (Rakel, 2011). In the United States, a 20% increase in the number of primary care physicians is associated with a 5% decrease in mortality (40 fewer death per 100,000 population), but the benefit is even greater if the primary care physician is a family physician. Adding one more family physician per 10,000 people is associated with 70 fewer death per 100,000 population, which is a 9 reduction in mortality (Rakel 2011). A study of the major determinants of health outcomes in all 50 U. S. states found that when the number of specialty physicians increases, outcomes are worse, whereas mortality rates are lower where there are more primary care physicians (Starfield et al. , 2005). Starfield (2000) states, â€Å"the higher the primary care physician-to-population ratio, the better most health outcomes are† (p. 485). Researches in England reveal that with each Family doctor more in 10,000 people (about 20%), adjusted mortality will reduced about 5% in chronic diseases (Gulliford 2002). The increase of Family physicians obviously reduces the workload at Central level and specialty hospitals (49. 3% of out-patient and 59% of in-patient totally) because with many researches in the world, over 90% of patients are taken care with better service by Family physicians in developed medical or developed countries (Didier, 2011). They can help patients and their relatives in 80% health problems: acute or chronic diseases without complications or no need to transfer to Specialty hospitals (Dang Van Phuoc, 2012). To compensate the continuing decline of the number of students entering primary care as a common trend in the world (Bodenheimer et al. 2009) and insufficiency of graduated general practitioners, a policy to support general practitioners and retired medical doctors to practice as Family physicians such as additional training about Family medicine, financial supports, incentive†¦should be prepared and implemented. Rather than other countries where Family physicians usually work at home or their private clinics, Vietnam has a wide network of local level medical centers at wards/hamlets and popularly private clinics/medical units. This advantage allows Family physicians to practice and deploy the primary care programs easily and popularly. b. Family physician residency training programs: Quality of care and the inadequacy of medical training are two major concerns of Family physicians. Eventually, medical schools and residency programs graduated more specialists and fewer physicians trained for primary care. To improve their quality of care in accordance with global health principles, proposed solution is to build emerging curricula of family practice residency programs to envisioning family physicians as â€Å"horizontal specialists† who can deal with the large majority of patients’ needs on a continuing basis (Rakel, 2011) and envisioning this role as integrating humanized care with a high level of competence in scientific medicine. In contrast to the training of the general practitioner, the additional training that family physicians receive is intended to make them more proficient generalists in scientific medicine through formal training in appropriate interpersonal skills and in the behavioral and social sciences. Implementation of this role, however, requires reorganization within the medical system (Folsom, 1966) for continuing, comprehensive care by primary physician is difficult if not impossible within the normative organizational structures of highly specialized medical centers. As Family physicians play the important role in primary care, the Global health awareness program should be combined into General practitioner and Family physician’s training curriculum for being sure about the quality of â€Å"primary care† as follows: (i) Clerkship: adding knowledge of burden global disease in the world such as: tuberculosis, malaria, Preventive care: vaccination; improving skills such as clinical making decision, communication. ii) Orientation: Adding knowledge of new   emerging infectious disease like SARS, non communicable diseases, traumatism care, HIV/AIDS; (iii) Residents: adding knowledge of prenatal care,   neonatal care,   chronic care, mental health care, adolescen t care;   Emergency care in disaster; improving skills such as: doing research and practice Emergency care in disaster, Behavioral care after disaster, Kangoroo’s program, Obs-Gyn care program; building up the relationship center care with WIN- WIN theory for both developed and developing countries to increase of cooperation and Team work. In addition, the cooperation among experts in different medical fields should be strengthened for teaching, managing, doing research to promote the concept â€Å"relationship center care† through many activities: * Establish Continue Medical Education, Patient’s clubs. * Build the bridge or integrate the teaching contents   in Family medicine   with the other specialties like Pediatrics, Traditional Medicine ( Oriental nutrition, Shiatsu), Cancerology (Palliative care), Multidiscipline (Disaster care, EBM, chronic care). Communication through Internet/ Video conference and Electronic medical: The WHO 2008 report emphasiz es the appropriate ‘use of information and communication technologies to improve access, quality and efficiency in primary care. The writer has made a small contribution to basic patient education (also known as doctor education) by the production of common patient handouts which are available for print out from General practitioners’ computers or for one page photocopying from the book ‘Patient Education’ (Murtagh J; 2008). Besides the residency training programs, on-going training courses to improve the competences and skills of Family physicians should be set for attributes considered most important for patient satisfaction (Stock Keister et al. , 2004a). Overall, people want their primary care doctor to meet five basic criteria: â€Å"to be their insurance plan, to be in a location that is convenient, to be able to schedule an appointment within a reasonable period of time, to have good communication skills, and to have a reasonable amount of experience in practice†. They especially want â€Å"a physician who listens to them, who takes the time to explain things to them, and who is able to effectively integrate their care† (Stock Keister et al. , 2004b, p. 2312). c. Others solutions and recommendations (i) Building an incentive scheme and financial supporting policy to Family physicians, especially whom working in remote and rural areas: The effectiveness of this model had been proved in many countries, particularly in Thailand and Malaysia where healthcare conditions are fairly similar to Vietnam. Contrarily, the recent P4P (Pay for Performance) policy of Thailand’s of Ministry of Health to replace the incentive scheme to Family physicians creates several problems to healthcare force and patients and is considered as a main cause leading the Family physicians moving to major cities. With relation between income and satisfaction, in an analysis of 33 specialties in U. S. , Leigh and associates (2002) found that physicians in high-income â€Å"procedural† specialties, such as Obs – Gyn, ENT, ophthalmology and orthopedics, were the most dissatisfied. Physicians in these specialties and those in internal medicine were more likely than family physicians to be dissatisfied with their careers. Among the specialty areas most satisfying was geriatrics. Because the population older than 65 years old in U. S. has doubled since 1960 and will double again by 2030, it is important to have sufficient primary care physician to care for them. The need for and the rewards of this type of practice must be communicated to students before they decide how to spend the rest of their professional lives. Patient satisfaction correlates strongly with physician satisfaction, and physicians satisfied with their careers are more likely to provide better health care than dissatisfied ones. Physician satisfaction is associated with quality of care, particularly as measured by patient satisfaction. The strongest factors associated with physician satisfaction are not personal income, but rather the ability to provide high-quality care to patients. Physicians are most satisfied with their practice when they can have an ongoing relationship with their patients, the freedom to make clinical decisions without financial conflicts of interest adequate time with patient and sufficient communication with specialist (DeVoe et al. , 2002). Landon& colleagues (2003) found that rather than declining income, the strongest predictor of decreasing satisfaction in practice is the loss of clinical autonomy. This includes the inability to obtain services for their patients, control their time with patients, and the freedom to provide high-quality care. ii) Compulsorily assigning General practitioners/ Family physicians to practice at local level hospitals, the servicing term at local level hospitals must be reasonable and acceptable. (iii) Improving facilitates of local level hospitals/clinic s, enforcing the lower level hospitals to implement modern technologies and quality control. This allows Family physicians to better serve patients as some achievements of Project 1816 of Vietnam Ministry of Health. (iv) Involving patients for private and family health care and prevention, structured information supporting treatment. (v) Improving the reputation of Family medicine and physicians in society through public media channels like television, newspaper.. etc, medical education programs and medical community. Even after the specialty is formally acknowledged by institutionalized medicine, family physicians have experienced a variety of negative responses from medical colleagues in other specialties. Carmichael (1978) perceived 3 stages in the reactions of those in medicine to Family medicine: first, the field was ignored; second, it was actively opposed; and then, family medicine is entering a third stage of possible co-optation by medicine. 6. Conclusion The weakness of Family medicine and insufficiency of family physicians cause many strategic consequences to the healthcare system in Vietnam. Their correction requires a long-term strategy to increase the quantity of Family physicians, quality of care, revise the residency training programs, improve its reputation in the society .. etc. In conclusion it seems appropriate to paraphrase Dr Robert Rakel in his keynote presentation to the 14th WONCA World Conference to reaffirm the Family medicine era in the contemporary medicine: â€Å"Regardless of how computer literate we are or how high our technology or whether the setting is urban or rural, good medical care in the future will continue to depend on patient care provided by a concerned and compassionate family physician. The physician will be governed by ethics, not economics, by a partnership with the patient, not politics; and by compassion and communication, and not by capitation. Good medical care in the future will depend, as it does now and always has, on the quality of our interaction with the patient† Dr Robert Rakel – 14th WONCA World Conference) REFERENCES 1. 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